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8.1 Background of the Global Living Planet Index

地球生命力指數(shù)（LPI，Living Planet Index）通過(guò)追蹤全球脊椎動(dòng)物種群數(shù)量隨時(shí)間的變化反映不同層面生物多樣性的變化趨勢(shì)，被全球生物多樣性公約采納為衡量全球生態(tài)系統(tǒng)健康狀態(tài)的主要指標(biāo)之一。從1998 年至今， 隨WWF《地球生命力報(bào)告》LPI兩年更新一次。

By tracking the time-variant global vertebrate population size, the Living Planet Index (LPI) reflects the variation trend of biodiversity from multiple levels. It is adopted by the Convention on Biological Diversity as one of the major indices to measure the health status of the global ecosystem. Since 1998, LPI is updated every two years with The Living Planet Report published by the World Wildlife Fund.

基于3038個(gè)脊椎動(dòng)物物種的10380個(gè)種群時(shí)間序列建立的2014年全球LPI表明，全球脊椎動(dòng)物種群數(shù)量在1970年至2010年間下降了52%，其中熱帶物種的種群下降了56%，溫帶物種的種群數(shù)量下降了36%。按生態(tài)系統(tǒng)對(duì)該指數(shù)進(jìn)行分解后表明：淡水生態(tài)系統(tǒng)LPI在1970至2010年間下降了76%，明顯高于海洋生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的39%。造成全球脊椎動(dòng)物生物多樣性下降的主要因素分別為開(kāi)發(fā)、棲息地破碎化、棲息地喪失、氣候變化、外來(lái)物種入侵、污染和疾病。

Based on 10,380 population time series of 3,038 vertebrate species, the global LPI of 2014 indicates that the global vertebrate population has decreased by 52% from 1970 to 2010, of which the tropical species population has decreased by 56%, and the temperate species population has decreased by 36%. If the LPI is interpreted according to ecosystems, it shows that the LPI of the fresh water ecosystem has decreased by 76% from 1970 to 2010, which is significantly higher than that of the marine ecosystem, which is 39%. The main reasons causing the reduction of the global biodiversity of vertebrates are development, habitat fragmentation, habitat loss, climate change, invasion of alien species, pollutions and diseases.

全球LPI 為全球水平生物多樣性保護(hù)方針、策略、協(xié)議框架的制訂提供了定量參考依據(jù)，其與生態(tài)足跡相結(jié)合探討了不同生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的生物多樣性對(duì)人類干擾和環(huán)境變化的反應(yīng)；LPI 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中種群時(shí)間序列信息及各級(jí)運(yùn)算結(jié)果為種群管理、物種瀕危狀況評(píng)估，以及有害和外來(lái)物種控制等提供了豐富的參考信息。

The global LPI provides a quantitative reference for the drafting of the principles, strategies and convention framework of the protection of the global biodiversity. By taking into consideration of the ecological footprints, the index discusses the responses of the biodiversity in different ecosystems to human interferences and environment variations. The population time series information and the calculation results at all levels in the LPI database have provided rich reference information for managing the population, evaluating the status of endangered species, controlling harmful and alien species, etc.

8.2 中國(guó)陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)脊椎動(dòng)物變化趨勢(shì)指數(shù)

8.2 The variation trend index of vertebrates in the Chinese terrestrial ecosystem

中國(guó)是世界在全球公認(rèn)的十二個(gè)“生物多樣性巨豐”國(guó)家中排名第八，擁有高等植物30000余種(其中50%為中國(guó)特有種)，脊椎動(dòng)物6347種，分別占世界總種數(shù)的10%和14%。由于大部分區(qū)域未受到最后一次冰期的影響，中國(guó)擁有大量的孓遺和特有物種，是東南亞動(dòng)物區(qū)系最為獨(dú)特的區(qū)域, 中國(guó)西南橫斷山區(qū)是全球25個(gè)生物多樣性熱點(diǎn)之一。另一方面，中國(guó)也是全球生物多樣性喪失最為嚴(yán)重的國(guó)家之一。雖然中國(guó)已經(jīng)意識(shí)到“生物多樣性喪失”問(wèn)題的嚴(yán)重性，也進(jìn)行了不懈的努力，但究竟在國(guó)家水平生物多樣性喪失了多少，不同歷史時(shí)期喪失的原因和過(guò)程以及各時(shí)期的保護(hù)政策和行動(dòng)是否發(fā)揮了切實(shí)的作用均無(wú)法估計(jì)和評(píng)價(jià)，至今沒(méi)有定量的描述。

China ranks the eighth among the world-recognized twelve “mega-diversity” countries, having more than 30,000 higher plant species (of which 50% are endemic species in China), and 6347 vertebrate species, which accounts for 10% and 14% of the total number of species across the globe. Since most regions in China were not affected by the last Ice Age, China has abundant relicts and endemic species, thus having the most unique fauna in Southeast Asia. Hengduan Mountainous Region in Southwest China is one of the 25 biodiversity hot spots around the globe. On the other hand, China is also one of the countries that have suffered from most biodiversity losses in the world. Even though China has recognized the severity of the “loss of biodiversity”, and has made unremitting efforts, there is still no quantitative description of the state-level biodiversity losses, the reasons and processes for the losses in various historical periods, and whether the protection policies and actions in each periods were effective or not. All of the above cannot be estimated and evaluated.